Although manure is still considered as a problematic waste in occidental countries such as Spain, for smallholder systems in developing countries it is a key resource to maintain soil fertility. Especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where land degradation factors combined to a chronic lack of access to inputs has leaded to nutrient depletion in many areas. Concretely in the Kenyan highlands, under a situation of rapid population growth the pressure on land increases, and nutrient recycling is critical to maintain or improve the farms productivity. Processes as leaching and gaseous losses may reduce farm nutrient cycling efficiencies (NCE). Addressing this problem, some agricultural practices not only can prevent high loss of nutrients but also meet global objectives reducing greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions. Practices such as agroforestry, legumes integration, soil conservation, cover cropping or improved livestock practices take part of the concept of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) which promotes production systems that sustainably increase production, farm resilience (adaptation), reduce and remove GHGs (mitigation), and enhance the achievement of food security goals. Some of the gains may result in increased above ground biomass and soil carbon sequestration, higher yields and improving farm resilience to climate change. However, there may be also some trade-offs between different practices, making necessary a holistic and integrated understanding of the socioeconomic and biophysical factors. In short, the project will explore the potential of different agricultural practices to mitigate climate change, increase farm resilience and improve livelihoods in smallholder crop-livestock systems in the highlands of Kenya, by combining lab, field and modelling methodologies.